The Analysis of Desistance Driving Factors in the Perpetrators of Sexual Crimes

: Sexual crime is a form of crime that has a low victim record because of the tendency for victims not to report the incidents they have experienced. In fact, the psychological condition of victims of sexual crimes can be disrupted because they have to feel pain, wounds, hurt because of the physical attacks they receive. Meanwhile, perpetrators of sexual violations have a tendency to complete their actions. This condition should be overcome to prevent more victims from falling. Law enforcement is one form of effort to prevent the emergence of recidivism of sexual crimes in Indonesia. The form of chemical castration is an aggravating form of punishment for perpetrators of sexual crimes. However, it is widely assumed that this form of punishment does not guarantee a deterrent effect. This article uses the theory of desistance to criminal behavior which aims to determine the factors that influence a person not to repeat his actions again. This article argues that depending on six factors, namely age, stable employment, military service, juvenile detention, education, and fear of serious assault or death does not always guarantee the persistence of sex offenders.


Introduction
There are various terms used to describe forms of sexual behavior violations, such as sexual offenses, sexual assault, sexual deviation, to sexual crimes. All these terms describe the form violations of coercive sexual behavior and carried out with or without violence against the victim. The form of behavior in question, such as rape, stalking, indecent assault, sexual harassment against children, to pornography. The Annual Records of the National Commission on Women recorded 962 cases of sexual violence during 2020. Of these, 229 cases of rape were reported, 181 cases of sexual harassment and 166 cases of obscenity (Komnas Perempuan, 2021).
Sexual crimes in the form of rape, sexual abuse, and sexual abuse that occur against children have psychological and physical impacts that affect victims in carrying out their daily activities. The lack of sexual knowledge possessed by child victims makes them not even realize that they have become victims of sexual violence. (Novrianza & Santoso, 2022). The victim's condition can be disrupted because he has felt pain, injury, and hurt because of the physical attack he received. Thus, victims who are children and adolescents need legal protection in the form of fast assistance and monitoring from law enforcers to local governments (Lubis, 2017).
Sexual crimes against children and adolescents are one of the most common violations of sexual behavior and have been the focus of previous studies. Several studies have attempted to uncover the causes of sexual crimes against children, which consist of internal factors within the perpetrators and external factors outside the perpetrators and victims. Syahputra (2018), Lewoleba & Fahrozi (2020) see that internal factors consist of abnormal psychological factors from the perpetrators of crimes; biological factors that demand the fulfillment of sexual needs; and moral factors related to the low morale of the perpetrators of crimes, so that they are unable to refrain from deviant behavior. Lewoleba & Fahrozi (2020) also added that the factors of revenge and trauma that have been experienced by perpetrators in the past are one of the factors that cause sexual crimes that originate from within the perpetrator.
Whereas external factors according to Syahputra (2018), Lewoleba & Fahrozi (2020) consist of socio-cultural factors that are increasingly open and free. Then the actor's low economic factor, allows him to be unable to get a proper education and job so that it has an impact on the opportunity to get a legal partner. The low economic factor of victims also allows them to be affected as neglected children living on the streets, so they have the potential to become objects of sexual violence. Another factor is mass media exposure to rape news and social media exposure to pornography which is increasingly open and easily accessible by children to adults. Finally, the factor of punishment for perpetrators of sexual violence crimes is considered to have not given a deterrent effect.
The sentencing of perpetrators of sexual crimes has also become a concern for academics and policy makers. This is because the criminal sanctions given have not shown a significant reduction in crime rates. For this reason, the Indonesian government issued Law Number 17 of 2016 which regulates additional and increasing penalties for perpetrators of sexual crimes against minors, namely in the form of chemical castration and the installation of electronic detection devices. Based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 70 of 2020, the act of chemical castration is the administration of chemical substances through injection or other methods, which is carried out to perpetrators who have been convicted of sexual violence against children, causing more than 1 victim, resulting in serious injuries, mental disorders , infectious diseases, impaired or lost reproductive function, and/or death victims.
The use of chemical castration is a new form of punishment in Indonesia. Thus, this reaps a lot of pros and cons in society. Viewed from the perspective of Human Rights (HAM), the imposition of this sentence can be qualified as cruel and inhumane punishment because it is not in accordance with the provisions of Article 28G paragraph (2) of the Indonesian Constitution which states that "[s]everyone has the right to be free from torture and treatment that degrades human dignity" (Komnas HAM, 2016: 1). Komnas HAM also disapproved of this action because it considered violations of the right to health and the right to procreate for perpetrators of sexual violence against children (Mau, 2022).
From a medical point of view, dr. Yohanes Elang Sumamba, Head of the Semarang Branch of the Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI), once stated that as a doctor he refused chemical castration because he felt it conflicted with Medical Science which glorifies health. The sentence was deemed to have violated Article 1 of the 2012 Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics (KODEKI) which states that "every doctor is obliged to uphold, live up to and practice the doctor's oath or promise". This is acceptable if chemical castration is carried out as a treatment effort. However, based on science and scientific evidence, chemical castration cannot guarantee the loss/reduction of the desire and potential perpetrators of sexual violence (Gemilar, 2020: 53-56).
In fact, it is hoped that this punishment will give a deterrent effect on perpetrators and function as a preventive measure for crimes of sexual violence against children. However, the Indonesian Women's Coalition also stated that this punishment turned out to be ineffective in providing a deterrent effect for perpetrators of crimes. This is based on world statistics on the death penalty or castration which does not have a deterrent effect on sex offenders. In fact, countries that apply these punishments actually occupy the top 10 positions as countries with the highest rates of sexual crimes in the world (Statement of the Indonesian Women's Coalition Against the Plan for the Implementation of Castration Punishments, 2016).
As previously explained, the causes of sexual violence originate from psychological, biological, moral, revenge and past trauma, socio-cultural, economic factors, to exposure to mass media and social media. Komnas HAM together with doctors, legal experts and criminologists also stated that sexual violence was not only caused by medical reasons, but also psychological and social. Thus, efforts to prevent and treat it should be carried out thoroughly both medically, psychologically and socially (Komnas HAM, 2016). Previous research on the prevention and handling of sexual violence against children in Indonesia has also been studied more from a legal, human rights and medical perspective. This is what attracts the attention of the author to look at efforts to prevent this crime from the point of view of criminology and criminal psychology. This research will analyze and examine more about things that actually can give a deterrent effect and encourage the persistence of perpetrators of sexual violence. Desistance itself can be understood as behavior that chooses to stop doing something. Thus, crime persistence is the behavior of the offender who chooses to stop committing crimes. Farral & Calverley (2006) defines crime persistence as the process of ending involvement in criminal behavior. The concept of desistance itself is indirectly the goal and focus of criminology and criminal justice, but it is often neglected in terms of research.
Based on the description above, the author will analyze what are the factors that can influence the persistence of perpetrators of sexual violence in Indonesia which make a perpetrator of a sexual crime, who has a tendency to repeat his crime, then be able to stop committing the same crime. And how things like sexual desire that were previously uncontrollable became controllable.

Research Methods
This study uses a descriptive analysis method, which according to Sugiyono (2014) can be used to analyze data by describing or illustrating the data that has been collected without intending to generalize conclusions. In collecting and obtaining data, the author uses literature study techniques collected from various reading sources, such as books, journal articles, theses, dissertations, news, and so on. This research has a limited scope on cases of sexual crimes in Indonesia, which are then analyzed using the concept of crime persistence from the point of view of criminology and criminal psychology. This study uses the theory of desistance of sex offenders. Crime persistence is the process of ending involvement in criminal behavior (Farral & Calverley 2006). Laws &Ward (2011) andMcAlinden (2017) also define desistance as a state of refraining from violations. The cases of sexual crimes in this study were then supplemented with library data and analyzed using the theory of deterrence of criminals to analyze the extent to which the factors driving sexual crimes in these cases were correlated.

Results and Discussion
To be able to answer the above problems, it is necessary to know various theoretical views on crime desistance behavior. According to Farral & Calverley (2006), crime persistence is the process of ending involvement in criminal behavior. Laws &Ward (2011) andMcAlinden (2017) also define desistance as a state of refraining from violations. The crimes that are started have their own time to be completely ended. A person can be in a long pause or process of desistence as he becomes less criminal over time (Fox, 2022). This study uses the definition of crime desistance as a behavior that chooses to refrain and never re-engage in violations and crimes in the future.

Factors Driving the Desistance of Sexual Offenders
There are various factors that cause a person to choose not to repeat crimes that have been committed. The following is a brief summary of the theoretical views on the reasons why someone chooses to stop committing crimes.

a. Age
Based on theoretical views and the results of various studies conducted by academics, it is believed that increasing age can affect desistance to sexual crimes. Aging can be a driving factor for crime persistence because individuals no longer have the energy to continue criminal activity (Laws & Ward, 2011). This is said to occur naturally as a consequence of maturity. As one gets older, one doesn't think about such loose behaviors because of them are too old to participate in criminal activities (Farmer, 2015;Harris, 2021).
However, what happens in society is just the opposite. As in the case of a sexual crime committed by a 55-year-old grandfather to a 13-year-old child who was his neighbor in Poreang Village, Tanalili District, North Luwu Regency on Thursday, November 8 2018. This incident even repeated 2 days later (Amir, 2018) . A similar thing also happened in West Kalimantan where grandfather JL (54) and grandson IW (37) became perpetrators of sexual abuse against the 14-year-old neighbor's child (Cipta, 2022). In a study conducted by Cooley & Sample (2018), one of the sex offenders observed was 70 years old and committed sexual crimes against his teenage daughter. The perpetrator even admitted his interest in teenage girls and felt that the actions he had taken did not harm other people. From the cases that occur in the community, increasing age does not guarantee the persistence of perpetrators of sexual crimes. In fact, for some cases, sexual crimes only started in their old age.

b. Marriage
For Warr (1998), marriage can be a separator between perpetrators from their criminal routines. By getting married, individuals who have a history of delinquency and delinquency will reduce interactions with their peers. This condition will remove them from a criminogenic environment. Marriage can be a reason or a driving factor for the persistence of criminals because they have to be responsible for their new family. Having children can also strengthen individual responsibility, so that they no longer behave freely to fulfill their sexual needs (Laws & Ward, 2011). Marriage is a form of social support for criminals in which there is social control to ensure that their partners stay away from problems and enjoy family life (Chouhy, Cullen, & Lee, 2020).
Marriage is one of the factors that can stop criminals from repeating their actions. A man in Medan admitted that he had sexually assaulted a high school student 7 times because he wanted to fulfill his desires. S (35) admitted that he did this because he had never been married. The man also admitted his mistake, felt sorry and wanted to repent immediately. (Gunawan, 2018). In another case, it turned out that the absence of a wife as a partner made WS (49), a man in Tangerang, harass 25 teenagers. The perpetrator, who is married and has children, admits to feeling lonely because he was left by his wife working abroad (Cipta, 2018). From the cases above, the presence of a wife or legal partner can restrain the perpetrator from committing a sexual crime. In fact, in the case of S (35) in Medan, shame towards his family and sister made him deterred and stopped committing crimes.

c. Stable Jobs
Sampson and Laub saw that a stable job could serve as a turning point against committing more crimes. When obtaining a stable job, the perpetrator can reevaluate his life path and leave a criminal career (Laws & Ward, 2011). According to Uggen & Staff (2001), the type of work in question is a permanent job that is stable, of high quality, and also generates high income. If the job does not generate a stable income, then there is the possibility of committing other forms of crime.
In cases of sexual crimes in Indonesia, a stable job does not guarantee the detention of the perpetrators. As in the case of sexual abuse committed by AR (47) who is a State Civil Apparatus (ASN) of the Ministry of Religion of Mamuju, West Sulawesi. The perpetrator committed sexual abuse from July 2021 to December 2021 against seven of his students (Junaedi, 2022). Having a stable job as an ASN does not make perpetrators leave their sexual crimes. The act of obscenity was actually carried out repeatedly when the perpetrator had a stable job. A similar case was carried out by PPH (35) who works as a sports teacher at an elementary school in Wonogiri. The perpetrator has repeatedly molested 8 students since 2016 (Alawi, 2021;Luhung, 2022). Even R (50), who works as a doctor in Banjarbaru, repeatedly committed sexual acts against his nephew who was only 10 years old (Putera, 2022). In cases of sexual crimes in Indonesia, it turns out that having a stable permanent job does not make sex offenders leave their evil thoughts. In several other cases, the perpetrators of sexual crimes even came from officials, lecturers, politicians and police officers.

d. Military Service
Sampson and Laub believe that military service can influence the deterrence of criminals. This is because the military teaches discipline, responsibility, tolerance, and an orderly environment, so that it can keep individuals away from deviant behaviors (Laws & Ward, 2011). In Indonesia, this will be difficult if you want to use it as an effort to deter sex offenders. To be able to enter, stay, and live within the military environment, individuals must meet the requirements to become soldiers stipulated in the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2010 concerning the Administration of Soldiers for the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Article 7 paragraph (1) states that one of the general requirements for becoming a soldier is not having a criminal record issued in writing by the Indonesian National Police. Thus, perpetrators of sexual crimes who have served criminal law may not have the opportunity to become soldiers and undergo military service.

e. Juvenile Detention
This can be understood as the detention of juveniles. In the Indonesian context, detention is carried out by child correctional institutions or youth correctional institutions. Environmental conditions that are disciplined and closed from outside the world can influence the behavior of sex offenders to stop committing crimes. In 2016, the perpetrator of the crime of sexual violence against Y (14) was sentenced. The victim, who died at the hands of 14 men, was previously beaten with a piece of wood, had his hands and feet tied, his neck was strangled, and then abused in turn (Putro, 2016). The punishments given to the perpetrators varied, ranging from rehabilitation and job training at the Social Welfare Organizing Institution (LPSK) for one year, 10 years in prison with 6 months of job training, 20 years in prison and a fine of Rp. 2 billion, up to the death penalty verdict (Ningsih, 2016). This form of detention for perpetrators who are young men still does not guarantee that the perpetrators will leave their bad behavior. However, by being detained, it has prevented them from committing crimes during the period of detention.

f. Prison
Jail or prison can be seen as a suitable disciplinary location to make someone stop wanting to commit a crime. However, in fact prison life can exacerbate the behavior and conditions of offenders. As it is known that prison is a school of crime, in it we can find perpetrators of various types of crimes. Prison is actually a criminogenic environment full of deviant behaviors in it (Laws & Ward, 2011).
One of the cases in Indonesia shows that long prison sentences can influence the perpetrator's desire to leave a previous crime. Bahar bin Matsar is one of those sentenced to death for cases of theft, kidnapping, rape and murder who were detained since 1970. Until 2010, he had been detained at Tembilahan Prison, Cipinang Prison and then Batu Nusakambangan Prison. This transfer can be said as an effort to prevent the influence of the prison as a school of crime earlier. The execution, which was not carried out, ultimately forced Bahar to serve a prison sentence of more than 40 years. The perpetrator had shown good behavior, even wanting to deepen his religion by attending Bible School, Malang if he was released. He also acknowledged his desire to repent and to gain many lessons while serving his sentence . Although it does not guarantee the defense of all perpetrators of sexual crimes, the guidance carried out in correctional institutions is not impossible to prevent future crimes.

g. Education
The level of education a person has can affect his life in the future. Individuals with high levels of education, can get jobs with good pay and high status, which in turn helps them maintain stable and happy marriages free from crime (Moffitt et al, 2002). However, in cases of sexual crimes in Indonesia, higher education with good jobs and salaries does not always guarantee that individuals are free from deviant behaviors. As in the case of sexual harassment by the Head of a Bank Sultra Branch which was committed against 15 of his employees. The high position obtained by the actor is certainly motivated by high education. However, it turns out that this does not affect the perpetrator's desire to leave his bad behavior. Evidenced by the confessions of 15 witnesses who were also victims of sexual crimes by high-ranking officials from the Bank of Southeast Sulawesi (Karouw, 2019;Agil, 2019).

h. Cognitive Transformation
According to Maruna (2001), individuals can create new narratives about themselves as "good" new people, in order to escape bad behavior. They need to be held accountable for crimes they have committed, why they were like that before, and why they are not like that anymore. As Maruna said that human agency is important, how do we as individuals have control over the life we live. Perpetrators of sexual crimes can create new narratives about themselves, so that they can return to society as individuals who have left their past criminal acts.
In the case of Bahar above, this condition can be achieved when the inmates are given spiritual understanding by prison officials. It is what makes it more orderly and accept the punishment and condition at that time. Bahar felt that what he was experiencing at that time was a trial from God, so he wanted to do better by entering Bible School when he was released. The same thing happened to Jack, one of the perpetrators of sexual crimes against children studied by Cooley & Sample (2018). Jack is aware of the loss and pain experienced by the victims of his deviant behavior. The victims, aged 7 years and 10 years, looked injured and made Jack make a rational choice to leave and not engage in this deviant behavior. This is based on feelings of empathy for the pain, shame, and guilt of the victims. Jack, who had served 8 years in prison, realized and admitted his deviant behavior during his 4th year serving his sentence. This encouraged him to repent of this behavior, and made him want to have a life like everyone else, a wife, family, and a good job.

i. The Pygmalion Effect
This relates to the cognitive transformation discussed earlier. In Maruna et al (2009), the Pygmalion effect is the expectation of others that can increase individual confidence and optimism. The perpetrators of sexual crimes are given encouragement and hope that they can return to being good persons. This form of rehabilitation is an effort to construct the behavior of perpetrators of sexual crimes by providing encouragement to increase their self-confidence. This can be done by convincing them that they can successfully change their lives for the better without committing sexual crimes. They can also get a partner and meet their sexual needs, without having to sexually harass other people.
The Bahar case shows that the process of punishment or coaching that occurred during detention has influenced him to behave better. His behavior, which was previously violent and cruel, has been constructed into good and orderly behavior. This is the effect of the spiritual deepening received by Bahar while in prison.

j. "Knifing off"
This term refers to the breaking of an individual's ties to his criminal past. This condition provides an opportunity for individuals to be able to bring change to their daily lives and transform their identities in a better direction (Laws & Ward, 2011). What were then abandoned in order to stop sexual crimes? In Maruna & Roy (2007), what is left behind is past life, getting rid of friends unwanted friends, fulfill personal deficiencies (such as educational, social, and economic), eliminate the label that was given as a criminal, and close opportunities to engage in criminal behavior.
Some of the cases that have been analyzed show the behavior of sexual crimes committed by individual perpetrators. In the case of S (35) who sexually assaulted a high school student, the perpetrator argued that this action was taken because he was not married. Thus, the perpetrator can fulfill his personal deficiency by getting married so that he can cut ties with his criminal past. In the Bahar case, the perpetrator could close the opportunity to be involved in a criminal behavior by deepening his religious knowledge. Whereas in the case of WS (49) who molested 25 underage children, the perpetrator could close the opportunity to be involved in criminal behavior by refusing requests for the Semar Mesem chant by teenagers who were victims of sexual abuse.

k. Spirituality
In Giordano et al (2008), it is said that a person's level of spirituality and religiosity is not related to the crimes committed. However, the level of individual spirituality and religiosity can influence behavior in a better direction. By strengthening religious knowledge, perpetrators of sexual crimes can be made aware that the behavior they are engaging in is something that is prohibited by religion and must be abandoned. Thus, the offender can stop committing crimes and return to the right path.
The spirituality factor became one of the factors that influenced Bahar not to repeat his actions again. The spiritual guidance he received while he was an inmate has made Bahar aware and regret the actions he has committed. Bahar admitted that while serving his sentence in Batu Prison, he learned a lot of lessons and moved his heart to repent. The Bahar case is proof that spirituality and religiosity can influence the resilience of perpetrators of sexual crimes. In addition, in the case of the sexual crime committed by Kevin in a study conducted by Cooley (2022), the perpetrator claimed to have retrained his mind so that he was no longer attracted to teenage girls who were his victims. He did this while in prison by attending religious training and strengthening his belief in God. He also attended a religious group for men with similar sexual perversion problems and prayed that they would not repeat it.

l. Fear of Serious Assault or Death
The possibility of getting injured and even death when committing a crime, can influence individuals to abandon this behavior. Cases of violent crime and the use of sharp weapons or firearms have a high risk of injury (Laws & Ward, 2011). However, for sex offenders, they are not afraid of getting injured or even dead when committing a crime. This is because, crimes such as rape and sexual harassment, for example, are usually carried out secretly in closed places. Thus, the risk of getting injured to death is low. This cannot be used as a driving factor for the persistence of perpetrators of sexual crimes in Indonesia.

m. Pain and Incapacitation
According to Laws & Ward (2011), perpetrators who do not commit crimes can be caused by conditions that are too sick to continue crimes. Thus, desistance to crime is carried out voluntarily, because they are no longer capable of committing crimes.
In the Bahar case, he was detained for more than 40 years. Until 2010, he complained of suffering from bronchitis, hypertension, left and right wet lungs, and suffered from anxiety . So far, the Batu Prison has always taken Bahar to the hospital every time his illness recurred. One of the reasons perpetrators stop committing crimes is their condition, which suffers from many of these diseases. The perpetrator has even applied for clemency to the President 4 times to consider his health condition. In 2012 Bahar bin Matsar, who was no longer capable of committing crimes, finally died during the detention period before being executed or having his request for clemency approved by the current President (Sumarwoto, 2012).

Conclusion
Sexual crime behavior is influenced by psychological drives, such as desire and various conditions and opportunities. Thus, it is very possible for perpetrators to repeat their crimes and have the potential to become recidivists if their desires are not controlled. Chemical castration for perpetrators of sexual crimes is considered capable of restraining these desires and preventing crime. However, previous studies have even seen that this chemical castration does not guarantee a deterrent effect and deterrence for sex offenders. This is because the causes of sexual crimes are not only medical in nature, but also psychological and social. Thus, prevention efforts can also be carried out psychologically and socially.
Of the 13 factors driving the persistence of sex offenders that have been discussed; marriage factor, imprisonment, cognitive transformation, Pygmalion effect, "knifing off", spirituality, as well as illness and incapacitation; is a factor that can influence the persistence of perpetrators of sexual crimes in Indonesia. This is in line with Willis's study (2010) which examined the factors that hinder and encourage the persistence of sex offenders. While 6 other factors; namely age, stable employment, military service, juvenile detention, education, and fear of serious assault or death; does not always guarantee the persistence of sex offenders.
These results are in line with studies by Candace et all (2000), Carpentier et all (2011), and de Vries et all (2015) which show factors that support or assist in the cessation of sexual violations against those who commit sex crimes. The results of this study were obtained from the results of observations of several cases of sexual crimes that occurred in Indonesian territory and the results of previous studies. The results of research on the area and other types of crime, may lead to different conclusions. This is because the situation and psychological condition of the perpetrators of crimes are different.